ETHNONYMS: Awigaza, Istopa, Mantannes, Nuitadi, Numangkake, Nuptare
Bowers, Alfred (1973). Mandan Social and Ceremonial Organization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Midway Reprints.
Meyers, Roy (1976). Village Indians of the Upper Missouri. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Wood, W. Raymond (1967). An Interpretation of Mandan Culture History. U.S. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin no. 198. Washington, D.C.
MARY JANE SCHNEIDER