ETHNONYMS: Türken (German), Türkler (Turkish)
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Lewis, Bernard (1968). The Emergence of Modern Turkey. London: Oxford University Press.
Lewis, Geoffrey (1974). Modern Turkey. 4th ed. New York: Praeger.
Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. 2 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Stirling, Paul (1965). Turkish Village. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
ALAN A. BARTHOLOMEW
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